Drums have been an integral part of human society since ancient times, serving various purposes from entertainment to communication. Among the myriad of drum types across the globe, African drums stand out for their rich history, cultural significance, and unique sound. As an expert on musical instruments, I’ll delve into the fascinating world of African drums, exploring their construction materials, types, playing techniques, and their role in African culture and beyond.
Origins and Historical Significance
The history of African drums can be traced back to the 13th century during the Mali Empire established by the Manding people. However, the earliest forms of drums date even further, to around 500 AD, when they were handmade by blacksmiths. These drums were initially inspired by mortars used for grinding grain, featuring a sandglass-like shape with two open ends, one of which was covered with goatskin.
African drums are not just musical instruments; they are living cultural artifacts that embody the African spirit. The Manding people of West Africa, known for their optimistic nature, incorporated drumming into their daily lives, using it to express joy, celebrate, and communicate. Over time, the drum evolved, becoming an essential component of religious rituals, social gatherings, and wars.
Construction Materials
African drums are crafted from a variety of materials, each contributing to the instrument’s unique sound and appearance. Here are the primary materials used:
Wood: The body of the drum is typically made from hardwood species such as mahogany, ebony, or rosewood. These woods are chosen for their durability, density, and resonance. The wood’s grain and thickness play crucial roles in determining the drum’s tone and sustain.
Animal Skin: The head or playing surface of the drum is usually made from goatskin, although other animal hides like cowhide or sheepskin can also be used. The skin is stretched over the drum’s opening and secured with ropes or nails. The tightness of the skin affects the pitch and responsiveness of the drum.
Rope and Nails: Ropes made from natural fibers like sisal or cotton are used to tension the drumhead. Nails or wooden pegs secure the ropes and the skin to the drum’s shell. The quality and tensioning of these ropes are vital for achieving the desired sound.
Adhesives and Finishes: Traditional African drum makers often use natural adhesives like animal glue or tree resin to seal the drum’s seams. The exterior of the drum may be left unfinished or adorned with carvings, paint, or beads, reflecting the cultural and artistic traditions of the maker.
Types of African Drums
African drums are diverse, ranging from small, high-pitched instruments to large, bass-heavy ones. Here are some of the most popular types:
Djembe: The djembe is one of the most recognized African drums. It has a goblet-like shape, featuring a wide base that tapers towards the neck. The djembe is played with bare hands, using a combination of open and closed-hand techniques to produce a rich, full-bodied sound. It is widely used in West African music and drum circles worldwide.
Bongo: Bongos are a pair of small, hourglass-shaped drums, usually played with the fingers and palms. They produce a bright, percussive sound and are commonly used in Latin and Caribbean music, although their origins trace back to West Africa.
Bass Drum (Bassa): Bassa drums are large, low-pitched instruments used to establish the rhythmic foundation in ensemble playing. They are often played with sticks or mallets and are found in various African musical traditions.
Conga: While congas are more associated with Cuban music, their roots can be traced to West African slave traditions. These drums have a tall, narrow body and are played standing up, using the fingertips and heels of the hands to create a variety of rhythms.
Talking Drum (Talking Drum or Kora Drum): The talking drum is a double-headed drum with adjustable tensioning ropes that allow the player to change the pitch. It is used to imitate speech and convey messages, making it a vital communication tool in traditional African societies.
Playing Techniques
Playing African drums requires a blend of physical skill, rhythmic sense, and emotional expression. Here are some key techniques:
Hand Techniques: Open-hand strikes, where the palm or fingers hit the drumhead and rebound quickly, produce a crisp, bright sound. Closed-hand strikes, where the hand is cupped and pressed against the drumhead, create a deeper, more sustained tone.
Bass and Slap Techniques: Bass notes are produced by striking the center of the drumhead with the heel of the hand or a stick, providing the rhythmic backbone. Slap techniques involve using the side of the hand or fingers to create faster, percussive accents.
Foot and Body Movement: African drumming often involves the use of feet and other body parts to maintain rhythm and add dynamism. Foot tapping, knee slapping, and body shaking are common accompaniments that enhance the overall performance.
Dynamic Control: Varying the force and speed of strikes allows the player to create a range of dynamics, from soft, melodic passages to loud, powerful crescendos.
Cultural and Social Significance
African drums are more than just musical instruments; they are cultural icons that play a pivotal role in African societies. Here are some of their key functions:
Communication: Before the advent of modern communication tools, drums were used to convey messages over long distances. Different rhythms and patterns represented various messages, such as warnings of danger, announcements of gatherings, or calls to arms.
Ceremonial and Religious Practices: Drums are integral to many African religious and ceremonial rituals. They are used to summon spirits, cleanse spaces, and facilitate healing. In some traditions, drumming is believed to have supernatural powers that can affect the physical and spiritual realms.
Entertainment and Dance: African drums are central to traditional dances and musical performances. They provide the rhythmic foundation that dancers use to express stories, emotions, and cultural identities. Drums are also featured in festivals and celebrations, bringing communities together and fostering a sense of unity.
Education and Socialization: Drumming is often used as a form of education, teaching young people about their culture, history, and social norms. Drumming circles provide a space for socialization, collaboration, and creative expression.
Modern Applications and Global Influence
As globalization has accelerated, African drums have transcended their traditional contexts, finding new homes in diverse musical genres and cultural milieus. Here are some modern applications:
World Music: African drums are a staple in world music, blending seamlessly with other cultural elements to create unique, eclectic sounds. They are featured in fusion genres like Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin American salsa, and Caribbean reggae.
Pop, Rock, and Jazz: Mainstream musicians have incorporated African drumming techniques and instruments into their compositions, adding rhythmic complexity and cultural depth. Artists like Paul Simon, Sting, and Peter Gabriel have used African drums to enrich their soundscapes.
Fitness and Therapy: African drumming has become a popular fitness and therapy activity. Drum circles offer a communal, therapeutic experience that promotes stress relief, physical exercise, and emotional well-being.
Education and Community Building: African drumming workshops and classes are offered in schools, universities, and community centers, promoting cultural understanding, creativity, and social cohesion.
Conclusion
African drums are a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and resilience of African cultures. Crafted from wood, animal skin, rope, and other natural materials, these instruments have evolved over centuries, becoming an integral part of African life. From their role in communication and religion to their influence on modern music and therapy, African drums continue to resonate with people worldwide.
