The world of guitars is vast and diverse, filled with an array of different types, each with its own unique characteristics. Among these, the 12 string guitar stands out as a fascinating instrument. But what exactly is a 12 string guitar called? This question may seem simple at first glance, but the answer is more complex than one might think. A 12 string guitar is, quite simply, a guitar that has twelve strings instead of the standard six. These strings are grouped in pairs, with each pair tuned to the same pitch. The additional strings add a rich, full-bodied sound to the instrument, creating a lush and textured tone that is highly sought after by musicians. The origin of the 12 string guitar can be traced back to centuries ago. It has roots in various cultures, with similar multi-stringed instruments being used in folk and traditional music. Over time, the 12 string guitar has evolved and found its place in a wide range of musical genres, from folk and rock to classical and jazz. Its distinct sound has made it a favorite among songwriters and performers looking to add a touch of something special to their music.
Names Associated with the 12 String Guitar
The Standard Name
The most common name for this instrument is simply the “12 string guitar.” This straightforward name accurately describes the defining feature of the instrument, which is the presence of twelve strings. It is the name that is most widely recognized and used in the music industry, in music stores, and among musicians and enthusiasts alike. When someone refers to a 12 string guitar, others in the know immediately understand which type of guitar they are talking about. This name is used in both formal and informal contexts, whether it’s in a music magazine article, a guitar lesson, or a casual conversation between guitar players.
Nicknames and Alternative Names
In addition to the standard name, the 12 string guitar also has a few nicknames and alternative names. One such nickname is the “12 stringer.” This is a more colloquial and abbreviated way of referring to the instrument. It is often used by musicians in a friendly, informal setting, such as when they are chatting backstage at a concert or hanging out in a music studio. Another alternative name that is sometimes used is the “12 string acoustic guitar,” especially when the instrument in question is an acoustic model. This name helps to distinguish it from electric 12 string guitars and emphasizes its acoustic nature, which is known for producing a warm and natural sound.
The Anatomy of a 12 String Guitar
String Arrangement
The string arrangement of a 12 string guitar is what sets it apart from a regular six string guitar. As mentioned earlier, the twelve strings are grouped in pairs. The pairs are tuned in unison, meaning they produce the same pitch when played. Starting from the thickest string (the low E string on a standard six string guitar), the pairs are tuned as follows: low E (two strings), A (two strings), D (two strings), G (two strings), B (two strings), and high E (two strings). This double string arrangement creates a unique sound effect. When a chord is strummed, the pairs of strings vibrate together, adding a chorus-like quality to the sound. The additional strings also increase the overall volume and richness of the tone.
The Body
The body of a 12 string guitar is generally larger than that of a standard six string guitar. This larger size is necessary to accommodate the additional strings and to provide enough resonance to produce the full, rich sound that the 12 string is known for. The body shape can vary, just like with six string guitars. Common body shapes for 12 string guitars include dreadnought, auditorium, and jumbo. Each body shape has its own unique tonal characteristics. For example, the dreadnought body shape is known for its powerful and loud sound, making it a popular choice for folk and rock music. The auditorium body shape, on the other hand, offers a more balanced tone, with a good blend of bass, midrange, and treble, which can be suitable for a variety of musical styles.
The Neck
The neck of a 12 string guitar is wider than that of a six string guitar. This is to provide enough space for the twelve strings to be properly spaced out. A wider neck can take some getting used to for players who are accustomed to six string guitars. However, with practice, players can develop the finger dexterity needed to play the 12 string effectively. The wider neck also affects the action (the distance between the strings and the fretboard). The action on a 12 string guitar is typically set a bit higher than on a six string guitar to prevent buzzing and ensure clean sound production, especially when strumming multiple strings at once.
The Sound of a 12 String Guitar
Richness and Fullness
One of the most notable characteristics of a 12 string guitar is its richness and fullness of sound. The double string arrangement creates a complex harmonic structure. When a note is played, the two strings in each pair vibrate slightly out of phase with each other, creating a subtle chorus effect. This adds depth and dimension to the sound. The overall sound is much fuller than that of a six string guitar, with more overtones and a thicker texture. It can fill a room with sound and create a very immersive musical experience. In a band setting, the 12 string guitar can provide a lush backdrop, adding a layer of richness to the overall soundscape.
Brightness and Clarity
In addition to its richness, a 12 string guitar also has a bright and clear sound. The higher strings, in particular, produce a sparkling and articulate tone. This brightness makes the instrument stand out in a mix. The clarity of the sound allows each note to be heard distinctly, even when playing complex chords. This makes the 12 string guitar a great choice for fingerpicking styles of music, where the individual notes of a melody or chord progression need to be clearly defined. The bright and clear sound also gives the 12 string guitar a certain “jangly” quality that is highly appealing in genres like pop and indie rock.
History of the 12 String Guitar
Early Origins
The history of the 12 string guitar can be traced back to ancient times. Similar multi-stringed instruments have been found in various cultures around the world. In ancient Greece, there were instruments with multiple strings that may have been precursors to the modern 12 string guitar. In the Middle Ages, lutes with more than six strings were also in use. These early instruments were often used in 宫廷 music and religious ceremonies. As time passed, the design and construction of these multi-stringed instruments evolved. They became more refined, with improvements in the quality of materials and the craftsmanship of the instrument makers.
Popularization in the 20th Century
The 12 string guitar really came into its own in the 20th century. In the 1960s and 1970s, it became extremely popular in the folk and rock music scenes. Artists like The Byrds, who used the 12 string guitar prominently in their songs, helped to bring the instrument into the mainstream. Their hit song “Mr. Tambourine Man” features a jangly 12 string guitar riff that became instantly recognizable. Other artists such as Bob Dylan also incorporated the 12 string guitar into their music, using it to add a new dimension to their songwriting. In the rock genre, bands like Led Zeppelin and The Who also used the 12 string guitar on some of their recordings, further popularizing the instrument. This period of popularity led to a significant increase in the production of 12 string guitars, and more and more musicians began to experiment with the instrument and incorporate it into their musical styles.
12 String Guitar in Different Musical Genres
Folk Music
In folk music, the 12 string guitar has a long and storied history. Its rich, warm sound is well-suited to the acoustic nature of folk music. Folk musicians often use the 12 string guitar to accompany their singing, adding a full-bodied texture to the music. The instrument’s ability to produce a complex and harmonious sound makes it perfect for creating a sense of atmosphere in folk songs. Many traditional folk songs have been reinterpreted using the 12 string guitar, giving them a fresh and new sound. In addition, contemporary folk musicians continue to use the 12 string guitar as a staple instrument in their musical arsenal, using it to explore new musical ideas and express their creativity.
Rock Music
In rock music, the 12 string guitar has been used to great effect. It can add a unique and powerful element to a rock song. The bright and jangly sound of the 12 string guitar can cut through the mix of a rock band, providing a distinctive lead or rhythm sound. In the 1960s and 1970s, as mentioned earlier, bands like The Byrds and The Beatles popularized the use of the 12 string guitar in rock music. In more recent times, bands in the indie rock and alternative rock scenes have also made extensive use of the 12 string guitar. The instrument can be used to create a dreamy, textured sound, as well as a driving, energetic sound, depending on how it is played. It can be strummed aggressively for a more powerful sound or played softly for a more delicate and atmospheric effect.
Classical Music
While not as commonly associated with classical music as the six string guitar, the 12 string guitar has also found its place in the classical repertoire. Some contemporary classical composers have written pieces specifically for the 12 string guitar, taking advantage of its unique sound qualities. The instrument’s ability to produce a rich and complex harmonic structure can add a new dimension to classical music. In classical performances, the 12 string guitar may be used as a solo instrument or as part of an ensemble. Its sound can blend well with other classical instruments, such as violins, cellos, and pianos, creating a unique and harmonious musical experience.
Conclusion
The 12 string guitar, whether referred to by its standard name, its nicknames, or in the context of its role in different musical genres, is a truly remarkable instrument. Its unique construction, with its twelve strings arranged in pairs, gives it a sound that is both rich and full, as well as bright and clear. From its early origins in various cultures to its widespread popularity in the 20th century and its continued use in a diverse range of musical genres today, the 12 string guitar has a long and fascinating history. Whether you are a fan of folk, rock, classical, or any other type of music, the 12 string guitar has something special to offer. Its distinct sound can enhance the emotional impact of a song, create a memorable musical experience, and add a touch of magic to any musical performance. So, the next time you hear the jangly sound of a 12 string guitar, you’ll have a deeper understanding of what makes this instrument so unique and special.
