The viola is one of the most distinctive instruments in the string family, known for its rich and resonant sound. Its tuning is a fundamental aspect of its performance, and understanding the best practices for tuning the viola is essential for players at all skill levels. This article will delve deeply into the topic of viola tuning, addressing the standard tunings, alternative tunings, the techniques involved, and how tuning affects the instrument’s sound and playability. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced player, this comprehensive guide will provide the insights you need.
The Standard Tuning of the Viola
The viola’s standard tuning is based on a perfect fifth interval, just like the violin, but with a slightly lower pitch. The four strings of the viola are tuned to the following pitches:
C3 (C below middle C) – The lowest string, tuned to C.
G3 – The second string, tuned to G.
D4 – The third string, tuned to D.
A4 – The highest string, tuned to A.
This tuning is commonly referred to as C-G-D-A tuning, moving from the lowest to the highest string. Unlike the violin, which is tuned to G-D-A-E, the viola’s lower tuning gives it a deeper, more mellow sound. The viola’s tuning provides a perfect fifth between each of the strings, and this interval plays a key role in its ability to blend harmoniously with other string instruments, especially in orchestral settings.
Why Is the Viola Tuned This Way?
The viola’s tuning is specifically designed to take advantage of the instrument’s larger body and longer strings. The lower pitches allow the viola to fill a unique role in both solo and ensemble performances. While the violin plays primarily in the higher registers, the viola’s deeper tuning allows it to serve as a bridge between the higher pitched violins and the lower pitched cellos and basses.
In orchestral and chamber music, the viola often plays inner harmonies or counter-melodies, filling out the texture of the music. Its ability to play both melodic and harmonic roles is enhanced by its tuning. The viola’s range lies between that of the violin and the cello, and the standard C-G-D-A tuning ensures that it occupies this middle ground effectively.
How to Tune the Viola
Tuning the viola correctly is crucial for achieving the best possible sound from the instrument. There are several methods that players can use to tune their viola, depending on the tools available and their personal preference.
1. Using an Electronic Tuner
One of the most reliable ways to tune a viola is by using an electronic tuner. These devices measure the pitch of each string and indicate whether it is sharp, flat, or in tune. Here’s how to tune your viola using an electronic tuner:
Step 1: Clip the tuner to the scroll or place it near the bridge of the viola. Make sure the tuner can pick up the vibrations of the instrument.
Step 2: Pluck the string you wish to tune gently. Make sure to pluck it near the fingerboard, avoiding contact with the bow to reduce unwanted noise.
Step 3: Observe the tuner’s reading. The tuner will display the closest note and tell you whether it’s sharp or flat.
Step 4: Use the fine tuners located on the tailpiece to make small adjustments. If the pitch is too low (flat), tighten the fine tuner. If the pitch is too high (sharp), loosen the fine tuner.
Step 5: Use the pegs for larger adjustments, especially if the string is significantly out of tune.
It’s important to tune each string individually, starting with the lowest string (C) and working your way up to the highest string (A). It’s also essential to check the pitch of each string more than once, as tuning one string can affect the others.
2. Tuning By Ear (Using Another Instrument)
Tuning by ear involves tuning the viola to a reference pitch provided by another instrument. Common instruments used for this purpose include the piano, another viola, or a well-tuned violin. Here’s how to tune your viola using a reference pitch:
Step 1: Start by tuning the A string to a known reference pitch, such as the A key on the piano or a tuning fork. Play the reference pitch and adjust the A string until it matches perfectly.
Step 2: Once the A string is in tune, use it to tune the other strings. Play the A string and then press it on the fourth finger (A note) to match the D string’s pitch. Repeat the process for the G and C strings by using the D string as a reference.
Step 3: Adjust the fine tuners and pegs as necessary to match the correct pitches.
This method requires a good ear for pitch and a solid understanding of intervals. For beginners, it may take some practice to match the strings accurately.
3. Tuning Using Harmonics
Harmonics are overtones that are produced when a string is lightly touched at specific points along its length. By using harmonics, players can check the pitch of their strings more precisely. Here’s how to tune using harmonics:
Step 1: Start by tuning the A string, using either an electronic tuner or a reference pitch.
Step 2: Once the A string is in tune, lightly touch the G string at the fifth fret (known as the harmonic) while playing the open A string. If the harmonic on the G string matches the pitch of the open A string, the G string is in tune.
Step 3: Use the same technique to tune the other strings. The D string can be tuned by lightly touching the D string at the fifth fret while playing the harmonic on the A string.
Harmonic tuning can be a highly accurate method for advanced players, as it helps ensure the strings are perfectly in tune relative to each other.
Understanding the Role of the Fine Tuners and Pegs
The viola is equipped with two types of tuners: fine tuners and pegs. Each plays a crucial role in the tuning process, and understanding how to use them is essential for efficient tuning.
Fine Tuners
Fine tuners are small screws located on the tailpiece of the viola. These are used for making small adjustments to the pitch of each string. Fine tuners are especially useful for making minor tweaks to the pitch after the string has been roughly tuned with the pegs. They provide precise control over the pitch, making it easier to tune the viola accurately.
Pegs
The pegs are located at the top of the viola, and they are used for coarse tuning. If a string is far out of tune, you’ll need to use the pegs to adjust the pitch. To adjust the pegs:
- To raise the pitch (make the string sharper), turn the peg clockwise.
- To lower the pitch (make the string flatter), turn the peg counterclockwise.
It’s essential to be gentle when adjusting the pegs. If you turn them too forcefully, you risk breaking a string or damaging the instrument.
The Importance of Tuning in Different Keys
While the standard C-G-D-A tuning is most commonly used, there are instances where the viola may be tuned differently to accommodate specific music or performance styles. These alternative tunings are often referred to as scordatura, and they can affect the way a piece sounds, as well as the way it is played.
Scordatura Tunings
Scordatura involves tuning one or more strings to pitches other than the standard tuning. Some composers have written music specifically for the viola in non-standard tunings to achieve a unique sound or to make certain passages easier to play. Scordatura tunings can include:
C-G-D-A# – Raising the A string by a half step.
C-G-D-G – Lowering the A string by a whole step to match the G string’s pitch.
C-F-D-A – Using an F string in place of the G string.
These tunings are less common but can be employed to create unusual sonorities or facilitate easier fingerings for certain musical passages. It is important to pay attention to these details in the music and adjust your tuning accordingly when performing such pieces.
How Tuning Affects Sound Quality
Tuning plays a crucial role in determining the overall sound quality of the viola. When the strings are in perfect tune, the instrument will produce a full, rich, and harmonious tone. Conversely, when the strings are out of tune, the sound can become dissonant and unpleasant.
Tuning also affects the balance between the viola and other instruments. An out-of-tune viola can overpower other instruments or fail to blend effectively in an ensemble setting. Proper tuning helps ensure that the viola’s voice is heard clearly and blends well with the other strings in an orchestra or chamber group.
Conclusion
Tuning is one of the most fundamental aspects of playing the viola. Whether you are tuning by ear, using an electronic tuner, or checking harmonics, understanding the principles behind viola tuning is essential for achieving the best sound from your instrument. The standard C-G-D-A tuning is the foundation, but it is important to be aware of alternative tunings and how they may impact your playing. As a violist, mastering the art of tuning will significantly enhance your performance and musical expression. By carefully tuning your viola, you ensure that it remains in harmony with itself and with the other instruments around it, allowing your playing to shine in every performance.
