The world of drumming is vast and varied, with a wide array of instruments that serve both functional and artistic purposes. Among these, the side drum holds a prominent place, especially in marching bands, orchestras, and various military contexts. Though it might seem like a simple instrument at first glance, the side drum is an essential part of the drum family, providing both rhythmic foundation and a unique tonal quality. This article will explore the side drum in detail, covering its history, design, role in different ensembles, techniques, and its significance in modern drumming practices.
What is a Side Drum?
A side drum is a type of drum that is characterized by its shallow, cylindrical shell and relatively high-pitched sound. It is most commonly associated with marching bands, drumlines, and military settings, but its use extends beyond these domains. The side drum’s distinctive tone and versatility have made it a staple in various musical and ceremonial contexts, from parades to concert performances.
Unlike larger drums like bass drums or timpani, the side drum is played with sticks or mallets, typically producing a sharp, crisp sound. The drum is often used to provide rhythm and punctuate musical phrases, and it can be played solo or as part of a larger ensemble.
Historical Background of the Side Drum
The side drum’s history is deeply intertwined with military and ceremonial traditions. It is believed to have evolved from earlier drums used in Europe during the Middle Ages, which were primarily used for communication and signaling during battles. In these contexts, drums were vital for relaying commands to soldiers, as they could be heard over long distances, especially in the chaos of war.
By the 17th and 18th centuries, side drums had become a standard feature in military bands and orchestras. In marching bands, the side drum was used to maintain the rhythm of marching soldiers, while in orchestras, it began to take on a more musical role, providing additional percussive texture to compositions.
The design of the side drum also evolved during this time. Early versions were relatively simple, with wooden shells and animal skin heads. These drums were played with sticks made of wood or bone. Over time, improvements in drum construction, including the introduction of metal hoops, snares, and tension rods, transformed the side drum into the instrument we know today.
The Design of the Side Drum
The side drum is designed to produce a sharp, clear tone that is both loud and cutting. The basic components of the side drum include the shell, drumheads, snare, and tensioning system. Each of these elements plays a crucial role in the drum’s sound and functionality.
1. The Shell
The shell of a side drum is typically made from wood, metal, or synthetic materials, such as fiberglass. The material of the shell affects the tone and resonance of the drum. Wooden shells tend to produce a warmer, more mellow sound, while metal shells offer a brighter, more focused tone. Synthetic shells are often used for their durability and consistency in tone, especially in outdoor or marching contexts.
The size of the shell can also vary, but side drums are generally smaller than bass drums or toms. Most side drums have a diameter ranging from 13 to 15 inches, and their depth is relatively shallow, typically between 5 and 7 inches.
2. The Drumheads
The drumheads are the most critical components of any drum, including the side drum. They are typically made from synthetic materials like mylar or plastic, although some high-end models still use natural animal skins. The drumheads are stretched across the top and bottom of the shell, and their tension can be adjusted using tension rods. The type of drumhead used—whether it is coated or clear—can significantly affect the sound, with coated heads providing a warmer, more controlled tone and clear heads producing a brighter, more resonant sound.
3. The Snare
One of the most distinctive features of the side drum is the snare, which is a set of wire strands stretched across the bottom drumhead. These snares create a buzzing sound when the drum is struck, which gives the side drum its characteristic sharp, rattling tone. The snares can be adjusted in terms of tension, allowing the drummer to control the amount of buzz produced. The snare is often made from steel, although other materials like nylon or plastic can also be used.
4. The Tensioning System
The tensioning system of the side drum consists of tension rods and lugs, which allow the drummer to adjust the tightness of the drumheads. This system is essential for tuning the drum and ensuring that it produces the desired sound. The tension can be adjusted uniformly across the drumhead to achieve an even tone or unevenly to create a more complex sound.
5. Drumsticks and Mallets
The type of stick or mallet used to play the side drum also affects its sound. Traditional drumsticks are typically made of wood and come in a variety of thicknesses and lengths. The tip of the stick can be either round or acorn-shaped, and it can be made of wood, plastic, or other materials. Mallets are often used in orchestral settings to create a softer, more muted tone, while sticks are used for a sharper, more pronounced sound.
Playing Techniques and Styles
The side drum is versatile in terms of playing techniques, and drummers can use a wide range of methods to produce different sounds and effects. The two most common playing techniques are single strokes and rolls.
1. Single Strokes
Single strokes are the most basic technique, where the drummer alternates between left and right hands to produce a steady, even rhythm. This technique is commonly used in both marching and orchestral settings. The drumming technique for the side drum requires precision and coordination, as the drummer must maintain a consistent tempo while keeping the strokes even.
2. Rolls
Rolls are used to create a continuous, sustained sound on the side drum. A roll is typically performed by playing rapid alternating strokes, which create a smooth, flowing sound. There are different types of rolls, including the open roll, the closed roll, and the buzz roll, each of which produces a different tonal quality. The buzz roll, in particular, is a signature sound for the side drum and is often used in military drumming.
3. Rudiments
Rudiments are the building blocks of drumming, and they form the foundation of any side drum technique. They are simple sticking patterns that allow drummers to develop control, speed, and precision. Some of the most common rudiments for side drum players include the single stroke roll, the double stroke roll, the flam, and the paradiddle.
4. Staccato and Legato
Staccato and legato refer to the way a drummer articulates their strokes. Staccato strokes are short and sharp, producing a crisp sound, while legato strokes are smooth and flowing, with less separation between the notes. Side drum players use both articulations to create dynamic contrasts within their playing.
Role of the Side Drum in Music
The side drum plays an essential role in various types of musical ensembles, including marching bands, drumlines, orchestras, and even solo performances. Its sharp, cutting sound makes it ideal for providing rhythmic foundation and punctuating musical phrases.
1. In Marching Bands
In marching bands, the side drum is a critical part of the percussion section. It helps maintain the rhythm and provides a rhythmic pulse that guides the movement of the band. The side drum’s bright, crisp tone makes it ideal for outdoor performances, where its sound can cut through the noise of large crowds.
Marching drummers often play complex patterns known as drum cadences, which feature intricate rhythms and high-energy playing. The side drum is also used in drumlines, which are groups of drummers who perform synchronized routines and battle each other in competitive settings. These performances often involve dynamic changes in volume and tempo, with the side drum providing both precision and flair.
2. In Orchestras
In orchestral settings, the side drum is used to add texture and rhythmic interest to the overall sound of the ensemble. It is typically played with softer sticks or mallets, producing a more controlled, less resonant tone. The side drum can add accents to various sections of a piece, creating dramatic moments or emphasizing specific musical phrases.
Composers have long utilized the side drum in orchestral works, and it is a standard part of the percussion section in many orchestras. The snare drum’s sharp, crisp sound can complement the broader sounds of strings, brass, and woodwinds.
3. In Military and Ceremonial Settings
The side drum has deep ties to military and ceremonial traditions. In military settings, side drums were historically used to communicate commands and maintain morale during battle. Today, the side drum is still used in military bands, where it plays a ceremonial role in parades, funerals, and other events. The rhythms and cadences of the side drum are integral to the martial music tradition.
Conclusion
The side drum is a versatile and historically significant instrument that has played a crucial role in both military and musical contexts. Its sharp tone, combined with its ability to create a wide range of rhythmic textures, makes it an essential tool for percussionists in a variety of settings. Whether in the context of a marching band, an orchestra, or a solo performance, the side drum remains an instrument that continues to captivate audiences with its energy, precision, and musicality.
As drumming continues to evolve, so too does the side drum, adapting to new musical styles and techniques while retaining its place as a core instrument in the drumming community. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced drummer, understanding the side drum’s design, history, and role in music will deepen your appreciation for this timeless instrument.
