Drums have been an integral part of human culture for centuries, serving as instruments of communication, celebration, and ritual. Among the diverse drum traditions worldwide, Native American drums stand out for their unique construction, rich history, and cultural significance. This article aims to delve into the world of Native American drums, exploring their various types, construction methods, cultural roles, and modern relevance. By the end, you’ll have a comprehensive understanding of what a Native American drum is called and why it matters.
Types of Native American Drums
Native American drums can be broadly classified into several types based on their size, shape, construction material, and usage. Here’s a closer look at some of the most popular types:
Hoops Drums
Description: Hoops drums, also known as frame drums, are typically handheld and characterized by their circular shape and the presence of a hoop or frame around the perimeter.
Construction: These drums are often made from wood or animal hides stretched over a hoop. The diameter of the drum can vary, and larger diameters generally produce deeper tones.
Cultural Significance: Hoops drums are used in various Native American ceremonies and rituals, often serving as a means of communication and expression.
Powwow Drums
Description: Powwow drums are large, bass-like instruments that are played during powwows, a traditional gathering of Native Americans that includes dancing, singing, and storytelling.
Construction: These drums are typically made from animal hides, such as buffalo, deer, or cowhide, stretched over a wooden frame. They are often played by a group of drummers who coordinate their rhythm to accompany dancers.
Cultural Significance: Powwow drums are central to the powwow experience, providing the rhythmic backbone for dances and songs that tell stories of Native American heritage and culture.
Foot Drums
Description: Foot drums are small, lightweight drums that are played by beating them with a bare foot.
Construction: These drums are often made from wood or animal hides and may have a single head or a double-headed design.
Cultural Significance: Foot drums were traditionally used by certain Native American tribes, such as the Miwok and Maidu, during dances and ceremonies. They are less common today but still play a role in some cultural practices.
Tom-Tom Drums
Description: Tom-tom drums, also known as hand drums, are small, handheld drums with a narrow, elongated shape.
Construction: These drums are typically made from wood or animal hides and are played with hands rather than drumsticks.
Cultural Significance: Tom-tom drums are used in various Native American ceremonies and dances, often serving as a means of rhythmic accompaniment.
Construction and Materials
The construction of Native American drums is a meticulous process that involves selecting the right materials and crafting the drum with precision. Here’s a closer look at the materials and techniques used:
Animal Hides: Animal hides, such as buffalo, deer, or cowhide, are a common material used for drum heads. These hides are carefully selected, treated, and stretched over the drum frame to produce the desired sound.
Wood: Wood is another essential material used in the construction of Native American drums. Different types of wood, such as oak, maple, and birch, are used for the drum frame and hoops, depending on the desired sound and durability.
Craftsmanship: The craftsmanship involved in making Native American drums is remarkable. Each drum is handmade, often with intricate designs and patterns that reflect the cultural heritage of the tribe.
Cultural Roles and Significance
Native American drums play a pivotal role in the cultural life of many tribes. Here’s a closer look at their cultural significance:
Communication: Drums were once used as a means of communication across long distances. The sound of a drum could travel far, conveying messages of warning, celebration, or mourning.
Ceremonies and Rituals: Drums are central to many Native American ceremonies and rituals. They are used to accompany dances, songs, and prayers, creating a sense of unity and connection among participants.
Storytelling: Drums are also used to tell stories, with the rhythm and sound of the drum serving as a narrative device. Drumming can convey emotions, events, and historical tales in a way that words cannot.
Modern Relevance
Despite their rich history and cultural significance, Native American drums continue to play a role in modern society. Here’s a closer look at their relevance today:
Cultural Preservation: Drums are an important part of cultural preservation efforts, helping to keep Native American traditions alive and well. Many tribes use drums in their cultural education programs, teaching young people about their heritage and traditions.
Musical Expression: Drums are also used by musicians and artists who draw inspiration from Native American culture. Many contemporary musicians incorporate Native American drumming techniques and rhythms into their own compositions, creating a fusion of traditional and modern sounds.
Therapeutic Use: Drumming has been found to have therapeutic benefits, with studies showing that it can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance cognitive function. Many Native American communities use drumming as a form of healing and self-expression.
Conclusion
Native American drums are more than just musical instruments; they are cultural artifacts that reflect the rich heritage and traditions of many tribes. From hoops drums and powwow drums to foot drums and tom-tom drums, each type of drum serves a unique role in Native American culture. By understanding the construction, cultural significance, and modern relevance of these drums, we can better appreciate their value and continue to celebrate the rich diversity of Native American culture.
