The Native American drum is not merely a musical instrument; it is a sacred object deeply rooted in the rich cultural heritage and spiritual traditions of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. For centuries, these drums have been used in ceremonies, storytelling, celebrations, and daily life, serving as a powerful means of communication with the spiritual world and connecting communities. Each beat of the Native American drum carries the weight of history, culture, and the wisdom of generations past. Learning to play this drum is not just about mastering musical techniques; it is about respecting and embracing a profound cultural legacy. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the various aspects of playing the Native American drum, from understanding its types and construction to learning basic and advanced playing techniques, and delving into the cultural significance behind its rhythms.
Understanding the Native American Drum
Types of Native American Drums
Native American tribes across the Americas have created a diverse range of drums, each with its own unique characteristics:
Hand Drums: Hand drums are one of the most common types. They are usually circular in shape and can vary in size, from small handheld drums that can be played with one hand to larger ones that rest on the lap. Hand drums often have a single drumhead made from animal skins such as deer, elk, or buffalo hide. The frame is typically crafted from wood, and some hand drums may feature intricate carvings or painted designs that hold cultural and symbolic meanings.
Powwow Drums: Powwow drums are large, communal drums that are central to Native American powwow gatherings. These drums are often made from a large wooden frame, sometimes several feet in diameter, and are covered with a single, stretched animal skin. Powwow drums are played by a group of drummers sitting around the drum, each using a beater to create a powerful, synchronized rhythm. The sound of a powwow drum can be heard from a great distance and is a defining element of the energetic and celebratory atmosphere at powwows.
Frame Drums: Frame drums have a shallow, circular or oval-shaped frame, with a drumhead stretched across one side. They can be played with the hand, fingers, or a beater. Some frame drums may have small rattles or jingles attached to the frame, adding an extra layer of sound and texture. Frame drums are used in a variety of ceremonial and musical contexts, and their design and playing techniques can vary widely among different tribes.
Construction and Materials
Drumheads: The choice of drumhead material is crucial as it significantly affects the sound of the drum. Animal skins are traditionally used for drumheads. Different animals’ skins produce different tones. For example, deer skin often gives a bright, clear sound, while buffalo hide can create a deeper, more resonant tone. The skins are carefully prepared by scraping, stretching, and drying to ensure a tight and even tension across the drumhead. In modern times, synthetic drumheads are also available, offering durability and consistent sound quality, although they may lack some of the unique character of natural skins.
Frames: The frames of Native American drums are typically made from wood. Popular wood types include cedar, oak, and maple. The wood is shaped into the desired form, whether it’s a circular frame for a hand drum or a large, flat frame for a powwow drum. The quality of the wood and the craftsmanship in shaping the frame can impact the drum’s resonance and overall sound. Some drums may have additional elements, such as carved patterns or inlaid materials, which not only add aesthetic value but also hold cultural significance.
Beaters: Beaters, also known as drumsticks or mallets, are used to strike the drumhead. They can be made from a variety of materials, including wood, bone, or antler. The shape and size of the beater can affect the sound produced. A larger, heavier beater will create a louder, more powerful sound, while a smaller, lighter one can produce a softer, more delicate tone. Some beaters may be decorated with feathers, beads, or other materials, which often have symbolic meanings within the cultural context.
Getting Started with Basic Techniques
Holding the Drum
Hand Drums: When holding a hand drum, sit comfortably with your back straight. Place the drum on your lap, with the drumhead facing up. For smaller hand drums, you can hold the frame with one hand while using the other hand to play. For larger hand drums, you may need to support the drum with both hands, either by holding the frame or placing your hands underneath the drum. Keep your wrists relaxed and your arms in a comfortable position to allow for easy movement while playing.
Powwow Drums: At a powwow, drummers sit in a circle around the large drum. The drum is usually placed on a stand or on the ground. Drummers position themselves close enough to the drum so that they can reach the drumhead easily with their beaters. Each drummer has a specific section of the drum to play, and they work together to create a unified rhythm. It’s important to maintain a good posture and be aware of the other drummers around you to ensure smooth coordination.
Frame Drums: Hold the frame drum by gripping the frame with your non – dominant hand. The drumhead should face forward, and your fingers should be positioned in a way that allows you to play different parts of the drumhead. Your dominant hand will be used to strike the drumhead with your fingers, palm, or a beater. Experiment with different holding positions to find the one that feels most comfortable and gives you the best control over the drum.
Basic Strokes
Single Stroke: The single stroke is the most fundamental stroke in Native American drumming. Hold the beater (if using one) or use your hand or fingers to strike the drumhead with a firm, quick motion. Focus on hitting the center of the drumhead for a clear, full sound. Start slowly and practice making each stroke consistent in terms of force and sound. As you get more comfortable, you can gradually increase the speed.
Double Stroke: A double stroke involves two consecutive strikes. After the first strike, quickly bounce the beater or your hand back up and strike the drumhead again. This stroke requires good control and coordination. Practice double strokes at a slow pace, making sure the two strokes are evenly spaced and produce a similar sound. Double strokes can add a sense of rhythm and momentum to your drumming.
Roll: A roll is a series of rapid, repeated strokes that create a continuous, sustained sound. To play a roll, start with a single stroke and then quickly alternate between your right and left hand (or different fingers if using your hands only) in rapid succession. Start with slow rolls and gradually increase the speed as you improve your technique. Rolls are often used to build tension, add texture, or fill in the rhythm.
Learning Traditional Native American Rhythms
Cultural Significance of Rhythms
Native American rhythms are deeply intertwined with the culture, beliefs, and daily life of the tribes. Each rhythm has a specific meaning and purpose. Some rhythms are used in ceremonial contexts, such as healing ceremonies, vision quests, or spiritual gatherings, to connect with the spirits and seek guidance. Other rhythms are associated with storytelling, dance, or celebration, bringing communities together and preserving cultural traditions. Understanding the cultural significance behind the rhythms is an important part of learning to play the Native American drum, as it allows you to approach the music with respect and a deeper appreciation.
Common Rhythmic Patterns
Ceremonial Rhythms: Ceremonial rhythms are often slow, steady, and repetitive. They may feature long, held notes and a strong, grounding beat. For example, in some healing ceremonies, the drum rhythm might consist of a simple pattern of single strokes, with each stroke representing a connection to the spiritual world. These rhythms are designed to create a meditative and peaceful atmosphere, helping participants to focus and connect with the sacred.
Dance Rhythms: Dance rhythms are more energetic and lively. They are typically faster-paced and have more complex patterns. Powwow dance rhythms, for instance, can involve a combination of single strokes, double strokes, and rolls, creating a driving beat that encourages dancers to move. The rhythm may change depending on the type of dance, such as the fancy dance, traditional dance, or grass dance, each with its own unique steps and movements that are synchronized with the drumbeat.
Storytelling Rhythms: Storytelling rhythms are used to accompany oral narratives. The drumbeat can mimic the sounds of nature, the actions in the story, or the emotions being conveyed. For example, a fast, urgent rhythm might be used to represent a chase scene, while a slow, mournful rhythm could accompany a sad part of the story. These rhythms help to bring the story to life and engage the listeners.
Advanced Techniques and Cultural Considerations
Ornamentation and Variation
Accents and Ghost Notes: Accents are used to emphasize certain beats or notes in the rhythm. You can create accents by striking the drumhead with more force or by using a different part of the beater or hand. Ghost notes, on the other hand, are soft, subtle strokes that add texture and complexity to the rhythm. They are often played lightly and in between the main beats. Experiment with accents and ghost notes to add dynamics and interest to your drumming.
Syncopation: Syncopation involves emphasizing the off-beats or unexpected parts of the rhythm. In Native American drumming, syncopation can be used to create unique and engaging rhythms. By playing strokes on the “and” beats between the main beats or shifting the emphasis of the rhythm, you can add a sense of surprise and creativity to your playing. However, it’s important to use syncopation in a way that respects the cultural context and the traditional nature of the rhythms.
Vocalization and Chanting: In many Native American drumming traditions, drumming is accompanied by vocalization and chanting. The drumbeat provides the rhythm for the chant, and the chant in turn adds another layer of meaning and spirituality to the music. Learning some basic chants and how to incorporate them with your drumming can enhance the overall experience and connection to the cultural practice.
Cultural Respect and Etiquette
Learning from Elders and Traditionalists: If possible, seek out opportunities to learn from Native American elders, traditional drummers, or cultural experts. They can provide valuable insights into the proper techniques, rhythms, and cultural significance of the drum. Respect their knowledge and teachings, and approach the learning process with an open mind and a willingness to listen and learn.
Understanding Cultural Context: Before playing Native American drums in any setting, take the time to understand the cultural context in which the music is being used. Different tribes have different traditions and beliefs, and what may be appropriate in one context may not be in another. Avoid appropriating Native American culture or using the drums in a way that is disrespectful or inappropriate.
Honoring the Drum: The Native American drum is considered a sacred object. Treat the drum with respect at all times. Avoid placing the drum on the ground or sitting on it, as this is seen as disrespectful. When not in use, store the drum in a clean, safe place. Before playing, you may want to offer a prayer or a moment of gratitude to honor the drum and the spirits associated with it.
Practice and Performance Tips
Daily Practice Routine
Warm-Up Exercises: Start your practice session with some warm-up exercises to loosen up your wrists, arms, and shoulders. You can do simple stretches, rotations, and light hand-drumming on your legs or a practice pad. This helps to prevent injuries and prepares your body for playing the drum.
Technique Practice: Dedicate time to practicing basic and advanced techniques. Focus on improving your stroke accuracy, rhythm, and control. Practice single strokes, double strokes, and rolls at different speeds and intensities. Work on adding ornamentation and variation to your playing, such as accents, ghost notes, and syncopation. Record yourself playing and listen back to identify areas for improvement.
Rhythm Practice: Practice the traditional Native American rhythms regularly. Start with the simpler rhythms and gradually work your way up to more complex ones. Use a metronome to help you keep a steady tempo, but also try to develop your internal sense of rhythm. Listen to recordings of Native American drumming to get a better feel for the rhythms and how they are played.
Performing on Stage or in Ceremonies
Stage Setup: If performing on stage, make sure the drum is set up in a comfortable and stable position. Use a drum stand if necessary to elevate the drum to a height that is easy for you to play. Check the sound system to ensure that the drum’s sound is projected clearly. In a ceremonial setting, follow the traditional guidelines for setting up the drum, which may involve specific positioning or rituals.
Connecting with the Audience or Participants: Whether performing for an audience or in a ceremony, try to connect with the people around you through your drumming. In a ceremony, your drumming should be a part of the spiritual experience, helping to create a sense of unity and connection. In a performance, engage with the audience by making eye contact, showing your passion for the music, and sharing the cultural significance behind the rhythms.
Adapting to the Environment: Different environments may require different approaches to drumming. In a large, open – air venue, you may need to play more loudly and with more energy to project the sound. In a smaller, intimate space, a softer, more nuanced playing style may be appropriate. Be aware of the acoustics of the space and adjust your playing accordingly.
Maintenance and Care of the Native American Drum
Cleaning the Drum
Drumhead: For drums with animal-skin drumheads, use a soft, dry cloth to gently wipe away dirt, sweat, or debris. Avoid using water or cleaning products, as they can damage the skin and affect the sound. If the drumhead gets wet, allow it to dry naturally in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight or heat sources. For synthetic drumheads, you can use a mild soap and water solution to clean them, but make sure to dry them thoroughly afterwards.
Frame: Wipe the frame of the drum with a dry cloth to keep it clean. If the frame is made of wood, you can use a small amount of furniture polish to keep the wood looking its best, but be careful not to get any polish on the drumhead. Check the frame regularly for any signs of damage, such as cracks or loose joints, and repair them as soon as possible.
Tuning and Maintenance
Tuning: Some Native American drums may have a tuning mechanism, such as laces or ropes around the edge of the drumhead, which can be adjusted to change the tension and pitch of the drum. If your drum has a tuning system, check the tuning regularly and make adjustments as needed. Be careful not to overtighten the drumhead, as this can cause it to crack or break. In traditional settings, the tuning of the drum may also have cultural or ceremonial significance, so it’s important to approach tuning with respect and follow any traditional guidelines.
General Maintenance: Regularly inspect the drum for any signs of wear and tear. Check the drumhead for holes, tears, or loose areas. If the drumhead is damaged, it may need to be repaired or replaced. Also, check the beater for any damage or wear, and replace it if necessary. Store the drum in a cool, dry place away from extreme temperatures and humidity to ensure its longevity.
Conclusion
Learning to play the Native American drum is a profound and enriching experience that goes far beyond musical proficiency. It offers a unique opportunity to connect with the rich cultural heritage, spiritual beliefs, and traditions of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. By understanding the different types of Native American drums, mastering basic and advanced playing techniques, learning traditional rhythms, and respecting the cultural context and etiquette, you can become a part of this ancient and vibrant musical tradition. Remember, the Native American drum is not just an instrument; it is a sacred vessel that carries the stories, prayers, and spirits of generations.
